I-duo yepiyano yasePoland edumile u-Marek no-Wacek abazange basebenzise umculo weshidi lapho bedlala amakhonsathi abukhoma. Futhi nokho esiteji umbhangqwana ubonakale uvumelana ngokuphelele. Kumapiyano aseduze, bacosha ngokudlala izingqikithi zomculo ezihlukahlukene, bahlanganisa umculo wakudala ne-jazz futhi bathuthukiswa ngesikhathi sangempela.

“Sahamba nomdlalo,” kusho uMarek Tomaszewski, owadlala noWacek Kisielewski kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaWacek ngo-1986.

Abadlali bopiyano babonakala befunda izingqondo zomunye nomunye ngokushintshana. Kwakusho uMarek, njengokungathi babude obufanayo. Indikimba ekhulayo yocwaningo iphakamisa ukuthi lokho bekuyiqiniso ngokweqiniso.

Inqwaba yocwaningo lwakamuva olucwaninga umsebenzi wobuchopho babantu abadlala futhi abasebenza ndawonye - abadlala upiyano be-dutting, abadlali bamakhadi, othisha nabafundi, izindida zejigsaw nabanye - ibonisa ukuthi amaza obuchopho babo angakwazi ukuqondanisa into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-interpersonal neural synchronization, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-interbrain. i-synchrony.

“Manje sekunocwaningo oluningi olukhombisa ukuthi abantu abaxhumana ndawonye bakhombisa imisebenzi edidiyelwe yemizwa,” kusho Giacomo Novembre, isazi sezinzwa ezinengqondo e-Italian Institute of Technology eRome, owashicilela iphepha elingukhiye ku-interpersonal neural synchronization ehlobo eledlule. Izifundo ziphume ngesiqeshana esikhulayo eminyakeni embalwa edlule - eyodwa kamuva nje ngesonto eledlule - njengoba amathuluzi amasha namasu athuthukisiwe athuthukise isayensi nethiyori.

Bathola ukuthi ukuvumelanisa phakathi kobuchopho kunezinzuzo. Ixhunywe ekuxazululeni izinkinga kangcono, ukufunda nokusebenzisana, ngisho nokuziphatha okusiza abanye ngezindleko zomuntu siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwakamuva lapho ubuchopho buvuselelwe ngehinti yamanje kagesi yokuthi i-synchrony ngokwayo ingase ibangele ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe okubonwa ososayensi.

“Ingqondo yinto eyenzeka hhayi nje ogebhezini kodwa mayelana nemvelo kanye nabanye abantu,” kusho. Guillaume Dumas, uprofesa wezifo zengqondo ezisebenza ngekhompyutha eNyuvesi yaseMontreal. Ukuqonda ukuthi ubuchopho bethu buvumelanisa nini futhi kanjani kungasisiza ukuthi sixhumane ngokuphumelelayo, siklame amakilasi angcono futhi sisize amaqembu abambisane.

Ingena ku-Sync

Abantu, njengezinye izilwane zomphakathi, banokuthambekela kokuvumelanisa ukuziphatha kwabo. Uma uhamba eduze kothile, cishe uzoqala ukuhamba ngezinyawo. Uma abantu ababili behlala eduze komunye nomunye ezihlalweni ezinyakazayo, maningi amathuba okuba baqale ukunyakaza ngesivinini esifanayo.

I-synchrony yokuziphatha okunjalo, ucwaningo lukhombisa, isenza sithembeke kakhulu, isisiza ukuba sibe nesibopho futhi sithuthukise umuzwa wethu wemvelo wobudlelwane. Kokunye cwaningo, ukudansa ngokuvumelanisa kwenza abahlanganyeli bazizwe besondelene ngokomzwelo — kakhulu kakhulu kunamaqembu ahamba ngokuhambisanayo. Ku esinye isifundo, ababambiqhaza abacula amagama anesigqi kungenzeka kakhulu babambisane kugeyimu yokutshala imali. Ngisho nokuhamba nje okuhlangene nomuntu ovela eqenjini elincane lohlanga nciphisa ubandlululo.

“Ukusebenzisana kuwuphawu lokuxhumana nabantu. Kubaluleke kakhulu,” kusho u-Novembre. "Lapho ukusebenzisana konakala, ukuxhumana nabantu konakala kakhulu."

Lapho ukunyakaza kwethu kuhlangana, ukuvumelanisa okuningi okungabonakali ngeso lenyama nakho kuvela ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Lapho abantu begubha ndawonye, ​​izinhliziyo zabo zishaya ndawonye. Izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo labelaphi neziguli zabo lingavumelanisa phakathi neseshini (ikakhulukazi uma ubudlelwano bokwelapha busebenza kahle), kanye nobemibhangqwana eshadile nabo bungakwazi. Ezinye izinqubo zomzimba, njengezinga lokuphefumula kwethu namazinga okuziphatha kwesikhumba, zingase zihambisane nezabanye abantu.

Ingabe imisebenzi ebuchosheni bethu ingavunyelaniswa? Ngo-1965, iphephabhuku Isayensi ishicilele imiphumela ye ukuhlolwa lokho wasikisela ukuthi kungaba. Ososayensi base-Thomas Jefferson University e-Philadelphia bahlole amawele afanayo ngokufaka ama-electrode ngaphansi kwesikhumba sawo ukuze balinganise amaza obuchopho - inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-electroencephalography. Abacwaningi babike ukuthi lapho amawele ehlala emakamelweni ahlukene, uma elinye lawo livala amehlo, amaza obuchopho womabili ayezobonisa ukunyakaza. Izikhonkwane ku-electroencephalograph yewele elilodwa zenza izipikili kwenye.

Ucwaningo, nokho, lwalunephutha ngokwendlela yokusebenza. Abacwaningi bahlole amapheya amaningana amawele kodwa bashicilela imiphumela kuphela ephuma kumabhangqa ababone kuwo i-synchrony. Lokhu akuzange kuwusize umkhakha wezemfundo okhulayo. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ucwaningo lwe-interbrain synchrony lwaphonswa esigabeni "sesixakaxaka esiyinqaba" futhi aluzange luthathwe ngokungathi sína.

Isithunzi senkundla saqala ukushintsha ekuqaleni kwawo-2000 ngokuthandwa kwe i-hyperscanning, indlela evumela ososayensi bahlole ubuchopho babantu abambalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ekuqaleni, lokhu kwakuhilela ukucela amapheya amavolontiya ukuthi alale emishinini ehlukene ye-fMRI, eyayikhawulela kakhulu izinhlobo zezifundo ezazingenziwa ososayensi. Abacwaningi bagcine bekwazile ukusebenzisa i-near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) esebenzayo, ekala umsebenzi wama-neurons ezingqimbeni zangaphandle ze-cortex. Inzuzo enkulu yalobo buchwepheshe ukuthi busebenziseka kalula: Amavolontiya angadlala izigubhu noma afundele ekilasini kuyilapho egqoke amakepisi e-fNIRS, afana namakepisi okubhukuda anenqwaba yezintambo eziphumela ngaphandle.

Lapho abantu abaningi bexhumana ngenkathi begqoke amakepisi e-fNIRS, ososayensi baqala ukuthola umsebenzi ovunyelanisiwe we-interneural izifunda kuwo wonke ubuchopho, obekuhluka ngomsebenzi nokusethwa kwesifundo. Baphinde babona amaza obuchopho, amele amaphethini kagesi ekudubuleni kwe-neuronal, evumelanisa kumafrikhwensi ambalwa. Ekufundweni kwe-electroencephalograph yobuchopho obubili obuvumelanisiwe, imigqa emele umsebenzi wemizwa yomuntu ngamunye iyashintshashintsha ndawonye: Noma nini lapho enye ikhuphuka noma ishona phansi, kanjalo nomunye, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuba nesikhathi. Kwesinye isikhathi amaza obuchopho avela ezithombeni ezibukwayo - lapho umuntu oyedwa ekhuphuka, omunye ehla ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi enobukhulu obufanayo - abanye abacwaningi ababuye bacabangele uhlobo lwe-synchrony.

Ngamathuluzi amasha, kwaba sobala ngokwengeziwe ukuthi i-interbrain synchrony yayingeyona i-mumbo-jumbo ye-metaphysical noma umkhiqizo wocwaningo olunephutha. “[Isiginali] sikhona nakanjani,” kusho Antonia Hamilton, isazi sezinzwa zomphakathi e-University College London. Okwabonakala kunzima ukukuqonda ukuthi ubuchopho obubili obuzimele, emizimbeni emibili ehlukene, bungabonisa kanjani umsebenzi ofanayo endaweni yonke. Manje, uHamilton uthe, umbuzo omkhulu uthi “Kusitshelani lokho?”

Iresiphi ye-Synchrony

Sekuyisikhathi eside u-Novembre ekhangwa indlela abantu abaxhumanisa ngayo ukuze bafinyelele imigomo efanayo. Abaculi - abadlala upiyano be-dutting, isibonelo - babambisana kanjani kahle kangaka? Nokho lalicabanga ngezilwane, ezifana okhanyikhanyi bavumelanisa ukukhanya kwabo, lokho kwambeka endleleni yokutadisha izithako ezidingekayo ukuze kuvele ukuvumelanisa kwe-interbrain.

Njengoba kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-synchrony “isakazeke kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo,” uyakhumbula, “ngacabanga: ‘Kulungile, khona-ke kungase kube nendlela elula yokuyichaza.’”

U-Novembre nozakwabo basungula ucwaningo, eshicilelwe ehlobo eledlule, lapho amavolontiya amabili engenzanga lutho ngaphandle kokuhlala abhekane kuyilapho imishini yamakhamera ilandelela ukunyakaza kwamehlo awo, ubuso nomzimba. Ngezinye izikhathi amavolontiya ayekwazi ukubonana; ngezinye izikhathi babehlukaniswa ngokwehlukana. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho amavolontiya ebukana emehlweni, amaza obuchopho bawo avumelaniswa ngaso leso sikhathi. Ukumamatheka kubonakale kunamandla nakakhulu ekuqondaniseni amaza obuchopho.

"Kukhona okuthile okuzenzakalelayo mayelana ne-synchrony," kusho u-Novembre.

Ukunyakaza, nakho, kuxhumene nomsebenzi wamagagasi obuchopho. Ocwaningweni lukaNovembre, lapho abantu benyakazisa imizimba yabo ukuze bavumelanise - uma, kungathi, omunye ephakamisa isandla sakhe nomunye enza okufanayo - umsebenzi wabo we-neural wawuzohambisana, ekubambeni okuncane. Nokho, i-interbrain synchrony idlulela ngalé kokubonisa ukunyakaza komzimba. Ocwaningweni lwabadlali bopiyano abadlala ama-duet eshicilelwe ekwindla edlule, ukuwohloka kokuvumelanisa ukuziphatha akuzange kubangele ubuchopho obubili ukuba buyeke ukuvumelanisa.

Esinye isithako esibalulekile se-neural synchrony yobuso nobuso sibonakala siwukubikezela okufanayo: ukulindela izimpendulo zomunye umuntu nokuziphatha. Umuntu ngamunye “unyakazisa izandla zakhe noma ubuso bakhe noma umzimba wakhe, noma uyakhuluma,” kuchaza uHamilton, “futhi usabela ezenzweni zomunye umuntu.” Ngokwesibonelo, lapho abantu udlale umdlalo wamakhadi we-Italian Tressette, umsebenzi wezinzwa wozakwethu uvunyelaniswe ndawonye - kodwa ubuchopho babaphikisi babo abuzange buhambisane nabo.

Ukwabelana ngezinjongo nokunaka okuhlanganyelwe kuvame ukubonakala kubalulekile ekuvumelaneni kobuchopho. Ocwaningweni olwenziwe e-China, amaqembu abantu abathathu bekufanele sebenzisana ekuxazululeni inkinga. Kube khona ukusonteka: Ilungu leqembu elilodwa kwakungumcwaningi owayemane enze sengathi uhlanganyela emsebenzini, enqekuzisa ikhanda futhi ephawula lapho kufaneleka kodwa engenandaba ngempela nomphumela. Ingqondo yakhe ayizange ivumelane neyamalungu eqembu langempela.

Nokho, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubonakala komsebenzi wobuchopho obuvumelanisiwe akubona ubufakazi banoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhumana kodwa kunalokho kungachazwa abantu abasabela endaweni okwabelwana ngayo. “Cabanga abantu ababili abalalela umsakazo owodwa emakamelweni amabili ahlukene,” kubhala UClay Holroyd, i-cognitive neuroscience e-Ghent University e-Belgium ongafundi i-interbrain synchrony, ephepheni lika-2022. “[I-Interbrain synchrony] ingase ikhule phakathi nezingoma abazijabulelayo bobabili uma kuqhathaniswa nezingoma bobabili abazithola ziyisicefe, kodwa lokhu ngeke kube umphumela wokuhlangana kobuchopho nobuchopho.”

Ukuhlola lokhu kugxeka, ososayensi baseNyuvesi yase-Pittsburgh kanye nase-Temple University baklama ukuhlola lapho ababambiqhaza basebenze ngokuhlukile emsebenzini ogxilile: ukuqedela iphazili. Amavolontiya ahlanganise iphazili ngokuhlanganyela noma asebenza kumaphazili afanayo ngokuhlukana, ehlangene. Ngenkathi bekukhona ukuvumelanisa kwangaphakathi phakathi kwezindida ezisebenza ngokuzimela, bekukukhulu kakhulu kulabo ababambisene.

Ku-Novembre, lokhu nokunye okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi i-interbrain synchrony ingaphezu kwe-artifact yemvelo. “Inqobo nje uma ukala ubuchopho ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nabantu, kuyohlale kufanele ubhekane nale nkinga,” kusho yena. "Izingqondo ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi zizochayeka olwazini olufanayo."

Ngaphandle uma basezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane, abacwaningi baba nentshisekelo yokuqonda ukuthi i-interbrain synchrony ingashintsha kanjani lapho abantu bekhuluma ubuso nobuso ngevidiyo. Kolunye ucwaningo, ishicilelwe ngasekupheleni kuka-2022, uDumas nozakwabo bakala umsebenzi wobuchopho komama nezingane zabo ezisanda kweva eshumini nambili lapho bexhumana ngevidiyo eku-inthanethi. Ubuchopho balaba ababili bungavumelani, kancane kakhulu kunalapho bekhuluma ubuso nobuso. I-interbrain synchrony engalungile ku-inthanethi ingasiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani imihlangano ye-Zoom ivame ukukhathala kangaka, ngokusho kwababhali bocwaningo.

“Kunenqwaba yezinto ocingweni lwe-Zoom ezingekho uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenzisana ubuso nobuso,” kusho uHamilton, obengabandakanyeki ocwaningweni. “Ukubheka kwakho amehlo kuhluke kancane ngoba ukuma kwekhamera akulungile. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukunaka kwenu ngokuhlanganyela kuhlukile.”

Ukuhlonza izithako ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhamuke i-interbrain synchrony - kungaba ukubuka ngamehlo, ukumomotheka noma ukwabelana ngomgomo - kungasisiza ukuthi sithole kangcono izinzuzo zokuvumelanisa nabanye. Uma sikubude obufanayo, izinto ziba lula.

Izinzuzo Eziphuthumayo

Isazi sezinzwa zengqondo Suzanne Dikker uthanda ukwamukela uhlangothi lwakhe lokusungula ngokusebenzisa ubuciko ukuze atadishe ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu busebenza kanjani. Ukuze athwebule umbono ongaqondakali wokuba kubude obufanayo be-wavelength, yena nozakwabo bakhe i- Umshini Wokuzulazula Ohlangene: ukufakwa kobuciko obuyingxenye, ukuhlolwa kwe-neuroscience. Phakathi kuka-2013 no-2019, abadlula ngendlela emadolobheni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele - iMadrid, New York, Toronto, Athens, Moscow kanye nabanye - bangabhanqa nomunye umuntu ukuze bahlole ukuvumelanisa kwangaphakathi. Babehlala ezakhiweni ezimbili ezifana namagobolondo bebhekene ngenkathi begqoke ihedisethi ye-electroencephalograph ukuze balinganise umsebenzi wabo wobuchopho. Njengoba bexhumana imizuzu eyi-10, amagobolondo ayekhanya ngokuqagela okubonakalayo okusebenza njenge-neurofeedback: Lapho ukuqagela kugqama, kulapho kuhlanganiswe khona amaza obuchopho babo. Kodwa-ke, amanye amapheya awazange atshelwe ukuthi ukukhanya kwe-projection kubonise izinga lawo lokuvumelanisa, kanti amanye aboniswe ukuqagela okungamanga.

Lapho uDikker nozakwabo ihlaziye imiphumela, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2021, bathola ukuthi ngababili abazi ukuthi babona i-neurofeedback bakhula kakhulu ekuvumelaniseni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - umphumela oqhutshwa ugqozi lwabo lokuhlala begxile kumlingani wabo, abacwaningi bachaza. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, i-synchrony yabo ephakeme ikhuphule indlela umbhangqwana oxhumene ngayo nomphakathi. Ukufika kubude obufanayo bobuchopho, kwabonakala, kungasiza ukwakha ubudlelwano.

U-Dikker uphinde wafunda lo mbono endaweni enobuciko obuncane: ikilasi. Ekilasini lesikhashana elabhorethri, uthisha wesayensi wesikole samabanga aphezulu wafundisa amaqembu abafundi abangafika kwabane kuyilapho u-Dikker nozakwabo beqopha umsebenzi wabo wobuchopho. Ku isifundo okuthunyelwe kuseva ye-preprint biorxiv.org ngo-2019, abacwaningi babike ukuthi lapho ubuchopho babafundi nothisha buvumelaniswa, abafundi babegcina kangcono okokusebenza lapho bevivinywa ngemuva kwesonto. A 2022 ukuhlaziywa okubheke ezifundweni eziyi-16 kuqinisekisile ukuthi i-interbrain synchrony ixhumene nokufunda okungcono.

"Umuntu onaka kakhulu noma ovala kahle kakhulu isignali yesipikha uzophinde ahambisane nabanye abantu abalalelisisa kakhulu okushiwo yisikhulumi," kusho uDikker.

Akukhona ukufunda kuphela okubonakala kuthuthukile lapho ubuchopho bethu buvumelana kodwa nokusebenza kweqembu nokubambisana. Kwesinye isifundo ngo-Dikker nozakwabo, amaqembu abantu abane abonisane ngokusetshenziswa kobuciko kwesitini noma izinto ezisezingeni ezibalulekile ukuze sisinde engozini yendiza. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi lapho amaza obuchopho babo evumelaniswa kangcono, kwenza kangcono le misebenzi njengeqembu. Ezinye izifundo zithole, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi amaqembu avumelanisiwe nge-neurally hhayi kuphela ukuxhumana kangcono kodwa futhi outdo abanye emisebenzini yokudala ezifana ukuhumusha izinkondlo.

Nakuba izifundo eziningi zixhumanise i-interbrain synchrony nokufunda nokusebenza okungcono, umbuzo uhlala ukuthi ingabe i-synchrony iyayidala ngempela intuthuko enjalo. Ingabe esikhundleni salokho kungaba isilinganiso sokuhlanganyela? "Izingane ezinaka uthisha zizokhombisa ukuvumelana kakhulu nalowo thisha ngoba zithembisene umshado," kusho uHolroyd. "Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi izinqubo zokuvumelanisa empeleni zinomthelela ngandlela thile ekusebenzelaneni nasekufundeni."

Nokho ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kusikisela ukuthi i-neural synchrony ingaholela ekushintsheni ekuziphatheni. Lapho umsebenzi wemizwa wamagundane ulinganiswa ngokuthi agqoke izinzwa ezimise okwesigqoko esiphezulu, isibonelo, i-interbrain synchrony. wabikezela ukuthi futhi kanjani izilwane zazizohlanganyela esikhathini esizayo. "Lokho kuwubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi kukhona ubudlelwano obuyimbangela phakathi kwalaba ababili," kusho u-Novembre.

Kubantu, ubufakazi obuqine kakhulu buvela ekuhloleni okusebenzisa ubuchopho obushukumisayo obusebenza ngogesi ukuze kukhiqizwe i-interneural synchrony. Uma ama-electrode ebekwe phezu kwesikhumba sekhanda sabantu, imisinga kagesi ingadluliswa phakathi kwama-electrode ukuze kubangele ukusebenza kwezinzwa ebuchosheni babantu ukuthi bavumelane. Ngo-2017, uNovemba neqembu lakhe wenza okokuqala of ukuhlola okunjalo. Imiphumela yaphakamisa ukuthi ukuvumelanisa amaza obuchopho kubhendi ye-beta, exhunywe nokusebenza kwemisipha, kuthuthukise ikhono labahlanganyeli lokuvumelanisa ukunyakaza kwemizimba yabo - kulokhu, ukushaya isigqi ngeminwe yabo.

Ucwaningo oluningana lusanda kuphinda lokho okutholwe nguNovembre. Ekupheleni kuka-2023, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi lapho amaza obuchopho babantu esevunyelaniswe ukuvuselela ugesi, ikhono labo lokubambisana emdlalweni olula we-computer aba ngcono kakhulu. Futhi ehlobo eledlule, abanye ososayensi babonisa ukuthi lapho ubuchopho obubili buhlangene, abantu baba ngcono ekudluliseleni ulwazi nasekuqondeni.

Isayensi yintsha, ngakho-ke amajaji asazi ukuthi ikhona yini imbangela yangempela phakathi kokuvumelanisa kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu ngokubambisana. Noma kunjalo, isayensi ye-neural synchrony isivele isikhombisa ukuthi sizuza kanjani lapho senza izinto ngokuvumelanisa nabanye. Ezingeni lebhayoloji, sinezintambo ukuze sixhume.