I-CRISPR iguqule isayensi. I-AI manje ithatha umhleli wofuzo ilise kwelinye izinga.

Ngenxa yekhono layo lokuhlela ngokunembile i-genome, amathuluzi e-CRISPR manje asesetshenziswa kabanzi ku-biotechnology nakuwo wonke umuthi ukuze kuliwe nezifo ezizuzwe njengefa. Ekupheleni kuka-2023, ukwelashwa kusetshenziswa i- Uwine uMklomelo KaNobel Ithuluzi lithole imvume ku-FDA yokwelapha isifo se-sickle cell. I-CRISPR nayo ivuliwe I-CAR T cell therapy ukulwa nomdlavuza futhi usejwayele yehlisa amazinga e-cholesterol aphezulu ngokuyingozi ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo.

Ngaphandle kwemithi, amathuluzi e-CRISPR anjalo ukushintsha isimo sezolimo, ngamaphrojekthi aqhubekayo kunjiniyela izinkunzi ezingenazimpondo, utamatisi ocebile ngezakhi, Futhi imfuyo nezinhlanzi ngobuningi bemisipha.

Naphezu komthelela wayo womhlaba wangempela, i-CRISPR ayiphelele. Ithuluzi linqamula yomibili imicu ye-DNA, engabangela izinguquko eziyingozi. Ingakwazi futhi ukuphambanisa izindawo ezingahlosiwe ze-genome futhi iqalise imiphumela emibi engalindelekile.

I-CRISPR yatholwa okokuqala kumabhaktheriya njengendlela yokuzivikela, iphakamisa ukuthi imvelo ifihla inqwaba yezingxenye ze-CRISPR. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ososayensi baye bahlola izindawo zemvelo ezihlukene—ngokwesibonelo, i-pool scum—ukuze bathole ezinye izinguqulo zethuluzi ezingase zikhulise ukusebenza kahle nokunemba kwalo. Nakuba liphumelele, leli su lincike ekutheni imvelo inikeza ini. Ezinye izinzuzo, njengosayizi omncane noma ubude bokuphila okukhulu emzimbeni, ngokuvamile ziza nokuhwebelana njengomsebenzi ophansi noma ukunemba.

Kunokuba sithembele ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, singasheshisa amathuluzi e-CRSPR angcono nge-AI?

Kuleli viki, Abacebile, isiqalo esizinze eCalifornia, yaveza isu esebenzisa i-AI ukuphupha indawo entsha yabahleli bofuzo be-CRISPR. Ngokusekelwe kumamodeli wolimi amakhulu—ubuchwepheshe obusemuva kwe-ChatGPT edumile—i-AI iklame izingxenye ezimbalwa zokuhlela izakhi zofuzo.

Kumaseli omuntu, izingxenye zihlanganiswe ukuze zihlele ngokuthembekile izakhi zofuzo eziqondiwe. Ukusebenza kahle kufane ne-CRISPR yakudala, kodwa ngokunemba okukhulu kakhulu. Umhleli othembisa kakhulu, obizwa nge-OpenCRISPR-1, angashintsha ngokunembile izinhlamvu ze-DNA eyodwa—ubuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlela okuyisisekelo—ngokunemba okungqubuzana namathuluzi amanje.

“Sikhombisa ukuhlelwa okuyimpumelelo kokuqala komhlaba kofuzo lomuntu sisebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlela izakhi zofuzo lapho zonke izingxenye ziklanywe ngokugcwele yi-AI,” wabhala ababhali kokuthunyelwe kwebhulogi.

Umdlalo Wenziwe ezulwini

U-CRISPR no-AI sebenothando olude.

Iresiphi ye-CRISPR inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: Iphrotheni ye-Cas "scissor" esika noma ebiza i-genome kanye ne-"bloodhound" ye-RNA guide ebophela iphrotheni yesikelo kufuzo oluqondiwe.

Ngokushintsha lezi zingxenye, isistimu iba ibhokisi lamathuluzi, ukusetha ngakunye okuklanyelwe ukwenza uhlobo oluthile lokuhlela kofuzo. Amanye amaprotheni e-Cas asika yomibili imicu ye-DNA; abanye banikeza umucu owodwa ngokushesha. Ezinye izinguqulo zingaphinda zisike i-RNA, uhlobo lwezakhi zofuzo ezitholakala kumagciwane, futhi zingasetshenziswa njengamathuluzi okuxilonga noma imithi elwa namagciwane.

Izinguqulo ezihlukene zamaphrotheni e-Cas zivame ukutholakala ngokusesha izindawo zemvelo noma ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqondile. Lapha, usosayensi ushintshanisa ngokunengqondo ezinye izingxenye zephrotheni ye-Cas ukuze akwazi ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle.

Kuyinqubo edla isikhathi kakhulu. Yilapho i-AI ingena khona.

Ukufunda ngomshini sekuvele kusizile bikezela imiphumela ongayihlosiwe kumathuluzi e-CRISPR. Kunjalo futhi ekhaya phakathi kumaphrotheni e-Cas amancane ukwenza abahleli abancishisiwe kube lula ukubaletha kumaseli.

Abachwepheshile basebenzise i-AI ngendlela entsha: Kunokuba bathuthukise amasistimu amanje, baklame izingxenye ze-CRISPR kusukela ekuqaleni besebenzisa amamodeli olimi amakhulu.

Isisekelo se-ChatGPT ne-DALL-E, lawa mamodeli ethule i-AI endaweni evamile. Bafunda enanini elikhulu lombhalo, izithombe, umculo, nenye idatha ukuze bahlanganise amaphethini nemiqondo. Kuyindlela ama-algorithms akhiqiza ngayo izithombe ngomyalo owodwa wombhalo—othi, “i-unicorn enezibuko zelanga idansa phezu kothingo”—noma ilingise isitayela somculo somculi othile.

Ubuchwepheshe efanayo has futhi uguqule umhlaba wokuklama amaprotheni. Njengamagama asencwadini, amaprotheni akhishwa “ezinhlamvini” zengqamuzana ngalinye abe amaketanga, abe esegoqa ngezindlela eziqondile zokwenza amaprotheni asebenze. Ngokuphakela ukulandelana kwamaprotheni ku-AI, ososayensi sebevele sebenayo amasosha omzimba kanye nezinye amaprotheni asebenzayo angaziwa emvelweni.

"Amamodeli amakhulu olimi akhiqiza amaprotheni athwebula ipulani eyisisekelo yalokho okwenza amaprotheni emvelo asebenze," wabhala iqembu eposini lebhulogi. "Bathembisa isinqamuleli sokudlula inqubo engahleliwe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi basiqhubekisele ekuklameni ngamabomu amaprotheni ngenjongo ethile."

Ingabe i-AIs iphupha ngezimvu ze-CRISPR?

Zonke izinhlobo zezilimi ezinkulu zidinga idatha yokuqeqeshwa. Okufanayo kuyiqiniso nge-algorithm ekhiqiza abahleli bofuzo. Ngokungafani nombhalo, izithombe, noma amavidiyo angaklwejwa kalula ku-inthanethi, isizindalwazi se-CRISPR sinzima ukuthola.

Ithimba liqale lahlola ngaphezu kwama-terabytes angu-26 wedatha mayelana nezinhlelo zamanje ze-CRISPR futhi lakha i-atlas ye-CRISPR-Cas-ebanzi kakhulu kuze kube manje, ngokusho kwabacwaningi.

Ukusesha kwembule izigidi zezingxenye ze-CRISPR-Cas. Iqembu libe seliqeqesha elalo Imodeli yolimi ye-ProGen2-okwalungiselelwa kahle ukutholwa kwamaprotheni-kusetshenziswa i-atlas ye-CRISPR.

I-AI ekugcineni ikhiqize ukulandelana kwamaprotheni ayizigidi ezine ngomsebenzi we-Cas ongaba khona. Ngemva kokuhlunga ama-deadbeats asobala ngolunye uhlelo lwe-computer, leli qembu langenela umkhathi omusha we-Cas “scissors” wamaprotheni.

I-algorithm ayizange nje iphuphe amaprotheni afana ne-Cas9. Amaprotheni e-Cas eza ngemindeni, ngayinye inezici zayo ekhonweni lokuhlela izakhi zofuzo. I-AI iphinde yaklama amaprotheni afana ne-Cas13, eqondise i-RNA, ne-Cas12a, ehlangene kakhulu kune-Cas9.

Sekukonke, imiphumela yandise indawo yonke yamaprotheni e-Cas angaba khona cishe ngokuphindwe kahlanu. Kodwa ingabe kukhona okusebenzayo?

Sawubona, CRISPR World

Ocwaningweni olulandelayo, ithimba ligxile ku-Cas9, ngoba isivele isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-biomedical nakweminye imikhakha. Baqeqeshe i-AI mayelana nezakhiwo zamaprotheni e-Cas240,000 ezicishe zibe yi-9 ezivela ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane, ngenhloso yokukhiqiza amaprotheni afanayo ukuze athathele awemvelo-kodwa ngokusebenza okuphezulu noma ukunemba.

Imiphumela yokuqala ibimangaza: Ukulandelana okwenziwe, cishe isigidi, bekuhluke ngokuphelele kunamaprotheni emvelo e-Cas9. Kodwa kusetshenziswa i-DeepMind's AlphaFold2, isibikezelo sesakhiwo sephrotheni i-AI, ithimba lithole ukuthi ukulandelana kwamaprotheni akhiqiziwe kungathatha izimo ezifanayo.

Amaprotheni e-Cas awakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwe-bloodhound RNA guide. Nge-atlas ye-CRISPR-Cas, ithimba liphinde laqeqesha i-AI ukwenza umhlahlandlela we-RNA lapho inikezwa ukulandelana kwamaprotheni.

Umphumela uwumhleli wofuzo we-CRISPR onazo zombili izingxenye—iphrotheni ye-Cas kanye nomhlahlandlela we-RNA— oklanywe i-AI. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-OpenCRISPR-1, umsebenzi wayo wokuhlela ufuzo wawufana nezinhlelo zakudala ze-CRISPR-Cas9 lapho ihlolwa kumaseli ezinso zomuntu akhulisiwe. Ngokumangazayo, inguqulo ekhiqizwe yi-AI yehlise ukuhlela obekuhlosiwe cishe ngamaphesenti angama-95.

Ngama-tweaks ambalwa, i-OpenCRISPR-1 ingenza nokuhlela okuyisisekelo, okungashintsha izinhlamvu ze-DNA eyodwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CRISPR yakudala, ukuhlela okuyisisekelo cishe kunembe kakhulu njengoba kukhawulela ukulimala ku-genome. Kumaseli ezinso zomuntu, i-OpenCRISPR-1 iguqule ngokuthembekile uhlamvu olulodwa lwe-DNA kwenye kumasayithi amathathu kuwo wonke ufuzo, ngenani lokuhlela elifana nabahleli abayisisekelo bamanje.

Ukuze kucace, amathuluzi e-CRISPR akhiqizwe yi-AI ahlolwe kuphela kumaseli esitsheni. Ukuze ukwelashwa kufinyelele emtholampilo, kuzodingeka ukuthi bahlole ngokucophelela ukuphepha nempumelelo ezidalweni eziphilayo, okungase kuthathe isikhathi eside.

I-Profluent yabelana ngokukhululekile nge-OpenCRISPR-1 nabacwaningi namaqembu ezentengiso kodwa igcina i-AI edale ithuluzi endlini. "Sikhulula i-OpenCRISPR-1 esidlangalaleni ukuze kube lula ukusetshenziswa okubanzi, okunesimilo kulo lonke ucwaningo nezinhlelo zokusebenza zentengiso," babhala.

Njengokuphrinta ngaphambili, iphepha elichaza umsebenzi wabo kusamele lihlaziywe ngababuyekezi bontanga abangochwepheshe. Ososayensi bazophinde babonise i-OpenCRISPR-1 noma okuhlukile kusebenza ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa izitshalo, amagundane, nabantu. Kodwa ngokumangazayo, imiphumela ivula indlela entsha ye-AI ekhiqizayo—leyo engashintsha ngokuyisisekelo ipulani yethu yofuzo.

Isikweletu sezithombe: Abacebile

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• Source: https://singularityhub.com/2024/04/25/this-ai-just-designed-a-more-precise-crispr-gene-editor-for-human-cells-from-scratch/