Ngo-2022, abacwaningi be-Bee Sensory and Behavioral Ecology Lab e-Queen Mary University yase-London babona izinyosi zenza okuthile okuphawulekayo: Izidalwa ezinciphayo, ezifiphele zazenza umsebenzi owawusenza. kungachazwa kuphela njengomdlalo. Ngokunikezwa amabhola amancane okhuni, izinyosi zaziwasunduza futhi ziwazungezisa. Ukuziphatha kwakungekho ukuxhumana okusobala nokukhwelana noma ukusinda, futhi akuzange kuvuzwe ososayensi. Ngokusobala, kwakuwukuzijabulisa nje.

Ucwaningo ngezinyosi ezidlalayo luyingxenye yocwaningo iqembu lezazi ezivelele zemiqondo yezilwane elilushilo namuhla, isimemezelo esisha enweba ukwesekwa kwesayensi kokuqaphela kuqoqo elibanzi lezilwane kunalokho obekuvunywe ngokusemthethweni ngaphambili. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, kube nesivumelwano esibanzi phakathi kososayensi sokuthi izilwane ezifana nathi - izimfene ezinkulu, isibonelo - zinolwazi olunolwazi, noma ngabe ukwazi kwazo kuhlukile kokwethu. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi baye baqala ukuvuma ukuthi ukwazi kungase kwande phakathi kwezilwane ezihluke kakhulu kithi, kuhlanganise nezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinesimiso sezinzwa ezihluke ngokuphelele nezilula kakhulu.

Isimemezelo esisha, esisayinwe izazi zezinto eziphilayo nezazi zefilosofi, siyawamukela lowo mbono. Ngokwengxenye, ifundeka kanje: “Ubufakazi obunobufakazi bubonisa okungenani ithuba elingokoqobo lokuhlangenwe nakho kwazo zonke izilwane ezinomgogodla (okuhlanganisa zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni nezinhlanzi) kanye nezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla (okuhlanganisa, okungenani, ama-cephalopod mollusk, ama-decapod crustaceans nezinambuzane).” Igqugquzelwe ukutholwe kocwaningo lwakamuva oluchaza ukuziphatha kwengqondo okuyinkimbinkimbi kulezi nezinye izilwane, idokhumenti imelela ukuvumelana okusha futhi iphakamisa ukuthi abacwaningi kungenzeka balinganisele ngokweqile izinga lobunkimbinkimbi be-neural obudingekayo ukuze ukwazi ukwazi.

I-New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness enezigaba ezine yethulwe namuhla, Ephreli 19, engqungqutheleni yosuku olulodwa ebizwa ngokuthi “Isayensi Esafufusa Yokuqaphela Izilwane” esibanjelwe eNyuvesi yaseNew York. Iholwa isazi sefilosofi nososayensi wengqondo UKristin Andrews wase-York University e-Ontario, isazi sefilosofi kanye nososayensi wezemvelo Jeff Sebo weYunivesithi yaseNew York, kanye nesazi sefilosofi UJonathan Birch weLondon School of Economics and Political Science, lesi simemezelo sesisayiniwe abacwaningi abangama-39, okuhlanganisa nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo. UNicola Clayton futhi U-Irene Pepperberg, ososayensi bezinzwa U-Anil Seth futhi UChristof Koch, isazi sezilwane Lars Chittka, kanye nezazi zefilosofi UDavid Chalmers futhi Peter Godfrey-Smith.

Isimemezelo sigxile ohlotsheni oluyisisekelo kakhulu lokuqaphela, olwaziwa ngokuthi yi-phenomenal consciousness. Uma sibeka nje, uma isidalwa sinolwazi olumangalisayo, khona-ke “kufana nokuthile” ukuba yileso sidalwa - umbono owashiwo isazi sefilosofi uThomas Nagel endabeni yakhe enethonya yango-1974, “Kunjani ukuba ilulwane?” Ngisho noma isidalwa sihluke kakhulu kithi, uNagel wabhala, “ngokuyisisekelo into ephilayo iba nezimo zengqondo eziqaphelayo uma kuphela kukhona into efana nayo. be lowomzimba. … Lokhu singakubiza ngokuthi uhlamvu lwesipiliyoni.” Uma isidalwa sazi ngendlela emangalisayo, sinamandla okuzwa imizwa enjengobuhlungu noma injabulo noma indlala, kodwa hhayi izimo zengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokuzazi.

"Ngiyethemba ukuthi lesi simemezelo [sidonsela] ukunakwa okukhulu ezindabeni zokuqaphela okungezona ezomuntu, kanye nezinselele zokuziphatha ezihambisana nokwenzeka kokuhlangenwe nakho okunengqondo okudlula umuntu," kubhala uSeth, isazi sezinzwa eNyuvesi yaseSussex, ku-imeyili. "Ngiyethemba ukuthi izovusa ingxoxo, yazisa inqubomgomo nokusebenza kwenhlalakahle yezilwane, futhi ikhulisa ukuqonda nokwazisa ukuthi sinokuningi okufanayo nezinye izilwane kunokwenza ngezinto ezifana ne-ChatGPT."

Ukuqwashisa Okukhulayo

Isimemezelo saqala ukubonakala ekwindla edlule, kulandela izingxoxo phakathi kukaSebo, Andrews noBirch. “Sobathathu besikhuluma ngokuthi kungakanani okwenzekile kule minyaka engu-10 edlule, eminyakeni engu-15 edlule, kwisayensi yokwazi izilwane,” kukhumbula uSebo. Manje sesiyazi, ngokwesibonelo, lokho ama-octopus ezwa ubuhlungu futhi i-cuttlefish khumbula imininingwane ngezehlakalo ezithile ezedlule. Ucwaningo ngezinhlanzi zithole lokho i-wrasse ehlanzekile ibonakala idlula inguqulo "yokuhlolwa kwesibuko," ekhombisa izinga lokuzazisa, kanye nalokho i-zebra fish ikhombisa ilukuluku. Emhlabeni wezinambuzane, izinyosi zibonisa indlela yokudlala esobala, Ngenkathi I-Drosophila izimpukane zezithelo zinendlela yokulala ehlukile ethonywe indawo yabo yezenhlalo. Okwamanje, i-crayfish ibonisa izimo ezifana nokukhathazeka - futhi lezo zifunda zingashintshwa ngezidakamizwa ezilwa nokukhathazeka.

Lezi kanye nezinye izimpawu of uthi ezilwaneni okwase kuyisikhathi eside kubhekwa ngaphansi kokwazi ejabulile futhi inselele izazi zezinto eziphilayo, ososayensi cognitive kanye nezazi zefilosofi. "Abantu abaningi manje sebekutholile okwesikhashana ukuthi, isibonelo, izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni ziyakwazi noma zisethubeni lokuphaphama, kodwa kuncane ukunakwa okunakiwe kwezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ikakhulukazi i-invertebrate taxa," kusho uSebo. Ezingxoxweni nasemihlanganweni, ochwepheshe bavumelana kakhulu ngokuthi lezi zilwane kufanele zibe nokuqaphela. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuvumelana okusanda kwakhiwa akuzange kudluliselwe emphakathini kabanzi, okuhlanganisa nabanye ososayensi nabakhi bezinqubomgomo. Ngakho-ke abacwaningi abathathu banqume ukubhala isitatimende esicacile, esifushane futhi basisakaze phakathi kozakwabo ukuze sigunyazwe. Lesi simemezelo asihloselwe ukuhlanganisa yonke into kodwa kunalokho "ukukhomba lapho sicabanga ukuthi inkundla ikuphi manje nokuthi inkundla ibheke kuphi," kusho uSebo.

Isimemezelo esisha sibuyekeza umzamo wakamuva kakhulu wokuthola ukuvumelana kwesayensi ngokuqaphela izilwane. Ngo-2012, abacwaningi bashicilela i- Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, eyathi inqwaba yezilwane ezingezona abantu, kuhlanganise kodwa ezingagcini nje ngezilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni, “zinamandla okubonisa ukuziphatha okuhlosiwe” nokuthi “abantu abahlukile ngokuba nemithambo yezinzwa ebangela ukwazi.”

Isimemezelo esisha sandisa ububanzi bamanduleli futhi siphinde sibhalwe ngokucophelela, kubhala uSeth. “Akuzami ukwenza isayensi nge-diktat, kodwa kunalokho kugcizelela lokho okufanele sikuthathe ngokungathi sína ngokuqaphela izilwane kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha ezifanele uma kunikezwe ubufakazi nezinkolelo-mbono esinazo.” Wabhala ukuthi “akahambisani nokuqubuka kwezinhlamvu ezivulelekile nokunye okunjalo,” kodwa wathi ekugcineni “wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi lesi simemezelo bekufanele sisekelwe kakhulu.”

U-Godfrey-Smith, isazi sefilosofi yesayensi eNyuvesi yaseSydney osebenze kakhulu ngama-octopus, ukholelwa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi lezo zidalwa ezibonisa - kuhlanganise nokuxazulula izinkinga, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi nokuziphatha kokudlala - kungahunyushwa kuphela njengezinkomba zokuqaphela. "Banokuxhumana okunakekile ngezinto, nathi kanye nezinto ezintsha ezenza kube nzima kakhulu ukungacabangi ukuthi kuningi okwenzekayo ngaphakathi kubo," esho. Waphawula ukuthi amaphepha akamuva akhuluma ngezinhlungu nezimo ezinjengamaphupho kuma-octopus kanye ne-cuttlefish “akhomba ohlangothini olufanayo . . .

Nakuba izilwane eziningi okukhulunywe ngazo kulesi simemezelo zinobuchopho nesimiso sezinzwa esihluke kakhulu kwesabantu, abacwaningi bathi lokhu akudingekile ukuba kube isithiyo ekuphaphameni. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuchopho bezinyosi bunama- neuron angaba yisigidi kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nangaba izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-86 kubantu. Kodwa ngayinye yalezo zinzwa zezinyosi ingase ibe yinkimbinkimbi ngokwesakhiwo njengesihlahla se-oki. Inethiwekhi yokuxhumana abayenzayo futhi iminyene ngendlela emangalisayo, i-neuron ngayinye ithintana mhlawumbe nabanye abangu-10,000 noma abangu-100,000. Isimiso sezinzwa se-octopus, ngokuphambene, siyinkimbinkimbi ngezinye izindlela. Inhlangano yayo isatshalaliswa kakhulu kunokuba ibekwe endaweni eyodwa; ingalo enqanyuliwe ingabonisa okuningi kokuziphatha kwesilwane esiphelele.

Isiphetho, u-Andrews uthe, ukuthi "kungenzeka singadingi imishini ecishe ibe miningi njengoba besicabanga ukuthi siyisebenzisile" ukuze sithole ukwazi. Waphawula, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ngisho ne-cerebral cortex - ungqimba lwangaphandle lobuchopho bezilwane ezincelisayo, okukholakala ukuthi ludlala indima ekunakekelweni, ekuboneni, enkumbulo nakwezinye izici ezibalulekile zokuqaphela - kungase kungadingeki ukuze kube lula ukuqonda okuqondile okuhlosiwe. esimemezelweni.

“Kwaba nenkulumompikiswano enkulu mayelana nokuthi izinhlanzi ziyakwazi yini, futhi okuningi kwalokho kwakuhlobene nokuthi zazintula izakhi zobuchopho esizibona ezilwaneni ezincelisayo,” kusho yena. “Kodwa uma ubheka izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, zinezakhiwo zobuchopho ezihluke kakhulu nezingcindezi ezihlukene zokuziphendukela kwemvelo - kanti nokho ezinye zalezo zakhiwo zobuchopho, sithola, zenza uhlobo olufanayo lomsebenzi owenziwa yi-cerebral cortex kubantu. .”

U-Godfrey-Smith uvumile, ephawula ukuthi ukuziphatha okubonisa ukwazi “kungaba khona esakhiweni esibukeka singavamile kuzilwane ezinomgogodla noma ezakhiweni zabantu.”

Ubudlelwano obunengqondo

Nakuba lesi simemezelo sinomthelela ekwelapheni izilwane, futhi ikakhulukazi ekuvimbeleni ukuhlupheka kwezilwane, u-Sebo waphawula ukuthi ukugxila kufanele kudlulele ngale kobuhlungu. Akwanele ukuthi abantu bavimbele izilwane eziboshiwe ukuba zithole ubuhlungu bomzimba kanye nokungakhululeki, esho. "Kufanele futhi sibanikeze izinhlobo zokucebisa namathuba okubavumela ukuthi baveze umuzwa wabo wemvelo futhi bahlole izindawo zabo futhi bahlanganyele ezinhlelweni zenhlalo futhi kube yizinhlobo zama-ejenti ayinkimbinkimbi abayizo."

Kodwa imiphumela yokunikeza ilebula “lokwazi” ohlwini olubanzi lwezilwane - ikakhulukazi izilwane esingajwayele ukucabangela izintshisekelo zazo - ayiqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuhlobo bethu nezinambuzane bungase bube “obuphikisana ngandlela-thile,” kusho u-Godfrey-Smith. Ezinye izinambuzane zidla izitshalo, kanti omiyane bangathwala izifo. "Umbono wokuthi singenza ukuthula nomiyane - kungumqondo ohluke kakhulu kunombono wokuthi singenza ukuthula nezinhlanzi nezingwane," esho.

Ngokufanayo, ukunakekelwa okuncane kunikezwa inhlalakahle yezinambuzane ezifana I-Drosophila, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni lwebhayoloji. “Sicabanga ngenhlalakahle yemfuyo namagundane ocwaningweni, kodwa asikaze sicabange ngenhlalakahle yezinambuzane,” kusho. UMatilda Gibbons, ocwaninga ngesisekelo se-neural of consciousness eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania futhi usayine isimemezelo.

Nakuba izinhlangano zesayensi zenze izindinganiso ezithile zokwelapha amagundane zelebhu, akucaci ukuthi isimemezelo sanamuhla sizoholela ezindinganisweni ezintsha zokwelapha izinambuzane. Kepha okutholwe yisayensi okusha kwesinye isikhathi kuqubula izinqubomgomo ezintsha. IBrithani, isibonelo, oshaywe umthetho ukwandisa ukuvikeleka kwama-octopus, izinkalankala namalobster ngemva kweLondon School of Economics umbiko yabonisa ukuthi lezo zilwane zingase zizwe ubuhlungu, ukucindezeleka noma ukulimala.

Yize lesi simemezelo singasho lutho ngobuhlakani bokwenziwa, indaba yokuthi kungenzeka ukwazi nge-AI ibilokhu isezingqondweni zabacwaningi abaqaphela izilwane. "Amasistimu amanje e-AI mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba aqaphele," kusho uSebo. Nokho, lokho akufundayo ngezingqondo zezilwane “kunginika ikhefu futhi kungenze ngifune ukukhuluma ngesihloko ngokuqapha nangokuthobeka.”

U-Andrews unethemba lokuthi lesi simemezelo sizokwenza ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngezilwane ezivame ukunganakwa, isinyathelo esinamandla okwandisa ukuqwashisa kwethu ububanzi bokwazi emhlabeni wezilwane. "Zonke lezi zibungu ze-nematode nezimpukane ezitholakala cishe kuwo wonke amanyuvesi - ukwazi ukufunda kuzo," kusho yena. “Usunazo. Umuntu othile kulebhu yakho uzodinga iphrojekthi. Yenza leyo phrojekthi ibe iphrojekthi yokuqaphela. Cabanga nje!”