Isikhathi Sokufunda: 9 imizuzu
I-Polygon igcina umqhele wayo ngokuletha i-ZKrollup.
Inkinga nge-Ethereum Mainnet
I-Ethereum iwumgogodla we-web3 ecosystem. Iyaqhubeka nokumangaza izingqondo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu emhlabeni ngamandla eliwaphethe. Amandla ezicelo ezihlukene angenza ngisho no-Einstein anwaye ikhanda isikhashana.
Kodwa yebo, akuyona inganekwane. Yonke into emangalisayo inomkhawulo noma imikhawulo. Umkhawulo oqhubekayo u-Ethereum ubelokhu ebhekene nawo "Izimali Zegesi", noma ngamanye amagama, i-Scalability, i-Ethereum Classic inomkhawulo wokwenza ukuthengiselana kwe-15 ngomzuzwana. Kodwa-ke, i-ETH 2.0 izoshesha kakhulu kunalokhu, kodwa kusenendlela ende okufanele siyihambe.
Izixazululo zizanyiwe
Ngemuva kweminyaka yocwaningo, izifundo ezinde kanye nokuzinikela kwe-shear web3 umphakathi ukwazile ukuphuma nezixazululo ezisiza ukukhula kangcono.
- I-Layer 1 Scaling: - Lena indlela esiyisebenzisayo ukwenza i-blockchain ibe ngcono ngokwenza izinguquko ezithile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Isibonelo, i-ETH 2.0 iyisisombululo sokukala se-Layer 1 njengoba izama ukusungula i-PoS ye-PoW ku-ETH Classic. Lolu hlobo Lwesixazululo luyabiza futhi luthatha isikhathi.
- I-Roll Ups:- Lesi yisixazululo se-layer 2 esiyimbangi ethembisa kakhulu. Abasebenzisi bathola ukuvikeleka okuxhaswe yi-Ethereum blockchain ene- throughput ephezulu.
- Ama-Sidechains: - Lawa ayahambisana ne-EVM futhi angakala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihloselwe ukujwayelekile, kepha anezihibe. Njengoba i-Ethereum ingakusekeli ukuphepha kwayo, Umphakathi we-Web3 kufanele uhlale uqaphela. Lokhu kuza ngaphansi kwesikala sesi-2.
https://twitter.com/MessariCrypto/status/1377655515099062273/photo/1
Ukuthatha i-Polygon
Ukuqala njengephrojekthi yokukala ye-ethereum i-Polygon, eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Matic Network, yavela njengenkanyezi ekhanyayo esikhaleni sewebhu3. Kuthatha amasenti ukuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana kunethiwekhi ye-polygon, kanti ukuthengiselana okufanayo kuzothatha amadola ku-Ethereum Mainnet. Konke lokhu kwakungenzeka ngenxa ye-sidechain eyakhelwe phezulu kwe-mainnet ye-Ethereum.
Kamuva, i-Matic Network yahlola izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisa i-blockchain ye-Ethereum futhi yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi "i-Polygon" ukuze inikeze izixazululo ezihlukene zokukala i-Ethereum blockchain kangcono.
Kunamaphrojekthi amaningana ngesikhathi sokubhala le bhulogi:-
- Ipholigoni PoS
- Polygon Supernets
- I-Polygon Zero
- I-Polygon Miden
- I-Polygon zkEVM
Kule bhulogi, sizohlola ukukhishwa okusha kwe-Polygon i-zkEVM okungenye yamaphrojekthi ashisayo wokukala i-Ethereum.
I-Polygon zkEVM
I-Polygon zkEVM iwumkhiqizo nge-polygon ukukala i-Ethereum ukuze kuncishiswe izimali zegesi futhi kwandiswe ukuphuma. Igama elithi “ZK” limele “zero knowledge”, uhlobo lwe-Roll up. Ngaphambi kokuthi siye phambili, sidinga ukuqonda nge-RollUps.
Ayini ama-Roll-ups
Ake ucabange ngale ndlela, ake sithi kunenkonzo yeposi esuka edolobheni A iye edolobheni B, kodwa kunemoto eyodwa kuphela, engathatha izimvilophu eziyikhulu kuphela kanye ngosuku. Ukuthola kukukhawulela bese uzama ukuthola indlela. Ongakwenza ukuthi, uthathe izinhlamvu eziyi-1 ubhale isifinyezo sazo ngohlamvu olulodwa bese usifaka emvilophini ukuze uyithumele. ngokwenza lokho singathumela izinhlamvu ezingama-100 + (10). Yilokhu empeleni okuyikho ama-roll-ups.
Yileyo ndlela ama-roll-ups asebenza ngayo ngokuyisisekelo ku-mainnet Ethereum. Sithatha ingxenye yemisebenzi, siyiqoqe "ku-roll up", siyifingqe bese siyiphushela ku-mainnet. Lokhu kwandisa umphumela. Imali yokwenziwayo ihlukaniselwa amaqembu ahlukene ahlotshaniswa nemisebenzi eseqoqweni elisongwayo. Ngale ndlela, sinciphisa izindleko zegesi ngezinga elihle.
Roll up Izindlela
Ukuhlanganiswa ngakunye kusebenzisa izinkontileka ezithile ezihlakaniphile ku-Layer 1, ezihlotshaniswa nalokhu:-
- Ukucubungula amadiphozithi
- Ukuzihoxisa
- Ukuqinisekisa ubufakazi
Iphuzu eliyinhloko elikhathazayo lapha indlela yokuqinisekisa. Sihlola kanjani ukuthi ukugoqa okulethwa kungqimba 1 akukona yini ukukhwabanisa? Ukuhlola lokhu, sinezindlela ezimbili zokuqinisekisa: -
- ulwazi oluyiziro: - Le ndlela isebenzisa ubufakazi bokusebenza futhi inikwa amandla yi-cryptography. Iqoqo lemisebenzi eligoqiwe lihlanganisa ubufakazi obufihlakele okwaziwa ngele-“zk-snark”, Ubufakazi buqinisekiswa ngokushesha izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile Zesendlalelo 1 lapho inqwaba yokwenziwe ihanjiswa, futhi engavumelekile yenqatshwa.
- Ukulindela okuhle:- Lo mshini usebenza ebufakazini bokukhwabanisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi iqoqo elithunyelwe kungqimba 1 alinawo umgunyathi. Kunamaqembu ama-2 ahililekile, eyodwa ehambisa iqoqo kuphrothokholi Yesendlalelo 1 ithi iqoqo lilungile futhi ibeka imali ethile engcupheni uma kungase kutholakale ukuthi ayilungile, futhi enye ingxenye izama ukuthumela ubufakazi bokukhwabanisa obusho ukuthi le nqwaba inonya. futhi ngalesi simangalo ubeka ezinye izigxobo. Uma othile ephakamisa ubufakazi bokukhwabanisa, inqwaba iyahlolwa kuphrothokholi Yesendlalelo 1, futhi iqembu okutholakale ukuthi linephutha liyajeziswa.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-polygon's zkEVM: -
Njengamanje, kufanele ube nokuqonda okuhle kokuthi ama-roll-ups asebenza kanjani, ikakhulukazi i-zk-roll-up. Izingxenye eziyinhloko esizithola ku-polygon's zkEVM yilezi: -
- Consensus Contract (PolygonZkEVM.sol)
- zkNode
- zkProver
Inkontileka Yesivumelwano
Le nkontileka isetshenziswa ku-L1 futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ngokusebenzisa ubufakazi bokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina koguquko lombuso. Ukwenza lokhu, inemithetho enqunywe kusengaphambili elandelwayo ukuze ivumele izinguquko zesimo.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphothulwa ngempumelelo koguquko lombuso, le nkontileka isebenzisa amasekhethi e-zk-SNARK. Lolu hlelo luncike ezinqubweni ezimbili, ukuthengiselana okuyi-batching nokuqinisekiswa kokwenziwe, njengoba kuchazwe ngaphambilini.
Ukwenza i-transaction batching kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana i-zkEVM iqashe ababambiqhaza ababili:-
- Abalandelanayo: - phakamisa amaqoqo okwenziwayo kunethiwekhi.
- Abahlanganisi: - Hlola ukufaneleka kwamaqoqo okwenziwayo futhi unikeze ubufakazi obuvumelekile.
Okuningi kokuthi Abalandelanayo nabahlanganisi kamuva kuqala, ake sigxile kule nkontileka. Inkontileka yenza izingcingo ezimbili-
- ukuthola amaqoqo kwaSequencers
- kuma-Aggregators acela ukuqinisekiswa kwamaqoqo
Lonke lolu hlelo lungafingqwa kulo mdwebo olandelayo (Lapha, i-PoE iyinkontileka yethu yokuvumelana):-
https://wiki.polygon.technology/docs/zkEVM/protocol/consensus/
zkNode
Saziswa ku-Sequencer ne-Aggregator ku-Consensus Contract, lezi ezimbili ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile ze-architecture ye-zkEVM, futhi i-zkNode isofthiwe ebanika amandla okuba yikho. I-zkNode iyiklayenti elidingekayo ukuze liqalise ukuvumelanisa futhi lilawule AmaSequencer kanye nama-Aggregators. Ngakho, isofthiwe ye-zkNode isiza izici ezi-4: -
- Ama-Sequencers: - I-sequencer yilowo othola ukuthengiselana kwe-L2 kubasebenzisi futhi akucubungule kusengaphambili ku-batch entsha ye-L2, ebese ihlongozwa kwiNkontileka Yemvumelwano. Isequencer ithola imali efakwe abasebenzisi ngemisebenzi yabo ku-L2. Ukuze ushicilele leli qoqo ku-L1, I-Sequencer kufanele ikhokhe izindleko ze-L1 futhi kufanele futhi ikhokhe amathokheni athile e-MATIC, asebenza njengesikhuthazo kubadidiyeli ukuze baqinisekise leli qoqo. Ngakho-ke, isilandeleli sinenzuzo uma :- izinkokhelo ze-txn(ezitholwe abasebenzisi ku-L2 ngomsebenzi wabo) > ikholi ye-L1 (imali yegesi ezoshicilelwa ku-L1) + Inkokhelo ye-MATIC (ukugqugquzela ama-Aggregators ukuthi aqinisekise)
- Abahlanganisi: - Abahlanganisi babalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho benqwaba. Abahlanganisi bathola lonke ulwazi lokwenziwayo bese beluthumela ku-“zkProver”(okwengeziwe kuyo kamuva), okubuye kunikeze “ubufakazi be-zk” obuwumphumela wokubala okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-polynomial. I-“zk-Proof” ibe isithunyelwa Kunkontileka Ehlakaniphile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubufakazi buyiqiniso. Leli qoqo libe selimakwa njengelilungile futhi lilungele ukwengezwa. I-Aggregator inenzuzo uma:- Imali ye-MATIC (nge-Sequencer) > ucingo lwe-L1(imali yegesi) + Izindleko Zeseva(ukwakha ubufakazi)
- I-synchronizer:- Isici esiyinhloko se-synchronizer ukufunda imicimbi evela ku-Ethereum blockchain futhi ifake amaqoqo amasha ukuze kugcinwe isimo sivumelanisiwe. Ulwazi oluvela kule micimbi lugcinwa kusizindalwazi. I-Syncronizer ithola idatha ku-Smart Contracts. Yonke le datha inikezwa izinkampani zangaphandle ngesevisi ye-JSON-RPC.
- I-RPC:- I-JSON-RPC iyisixhumi esibonakalayo esibalulekile esihambisana ne-Ethereum. Uma sidinga uhlelo lokusebenza lwesofthiwe ukuxhuma ku-blockchain ye-Ethereum, ixhuma ku-node ye-Ethereum. Yileyo ndlela i-RPC engena ngayo esithombeni. Inika amandla i-zkEVM ukuthi ihlanganise i-Metamask ne-Etherscan futhi ihlanganyele ne-Pool kanye ne-State transactions.
https://wiki.polygon.technology/assets/images/fig3-zkNode-arch-aa4d18996fba1849291ea18e3f11d955.png
zkProver
Le ngxenye ye-architecture ye-zkEVM igxile kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Kuzokumangaza ukwazi lokho ukwenza lokhu. Abathuthukisi bekufanele bakhe izilimi ezimbili zokuhlela ezintsha ukuze basebenzise izici ezidingekayo:-
- I-Zero — Umhlangano Wolwazi: - Ngamagama alula, lolu limi lwenza imephu imiyalelo ukusuka ku-Main State Machine ye-zkProver iye kweminye Imishini Yesifunda. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalolu limi, hlola lokhu.
- Ulimi lwe-Polynomial Identity(PIL): - Kube nocwaningo oluningi lokuxazulula i-Trilemma ye-blockchain Yobumfihlo, Ukuphepha kanye Nokuqina. Kuze kube namuhla kube nemizamo eminingana kanye nethiyori ehlukene eyazama, kodwa eyamukelwa kakhulu kuze kube manje “I-Polynomial Commitment Scheme”. Ngakho-ke kulula kuphela ukwenza izibalo ngolimi lwe-polynomial. Ngakho, amakhodi we-PIL akha isisekelo sekhodi yokuqinisekisa ye-zkProver. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngakho, landela lapha.
I-zkProver isekelwa ucwaningo lweminyaka eminingi eminyangweni eyahlukene eyenza ubunkimbinkimbi bayo bufaneleke. Kunezingxenye eziyinhloko ze-zkProver: -
- Umabi Wefa:- Le ngxenye iphathelene nokukhishwa kwe-zkEVM evela Emshinini Wesifunda Esiyinhloko. Kulapho ama-Bytecode e-EVM ahunyushwa khona kusetshenziswa “ulimi Lomhlangano olungenalwazi”(zkASM) olusha okukhulunywe ngalo ngaphambili. Kule ngxenye, sibhekana nokumiswa kwemikhawulo ye-polynomial okufanele yonke iqoqo elivumelekile lemisebenzi igcwalise futhi yondle okokufaka okufana nokwenziwe, Isifunda Esidala/esisha, I-Chain ID njll. Nansi i-PIL(Polynomial Identity Language) ukuze ifake ikhodi izithiyo ze-polynomial. Umphumela walesi Sinyathelo yi-“Commitment Polynomials”, okuwumphumela wokusetshenziswa kwayo yonke imiyalelo phezu kwehadiwe ye-PIL.
- I-Stark Recursion Component: - Lesi sinyathelo sibandakanya ukusebenzisana kwemibono emithathu emikhulu ethi Committed Polynomials, Constant Polynomials, kanye Nohlu Lweziyalezo. Lokhu okokufaka okuthathu kuhlangana ukuze kukhiqize ubufakazi be-zk-STARK. Lobu bufakazi obuningi be-zk-STARK buqoqwe ngezinqwaba zobufakazi obumbalwa be-zk-STARK futhi bukhiqize ubufakazi obuyi-zk-STARK benqwaba ngayinye. Khona-ke lobo bufakazi bufakwa kunqwaba futhi buhlanganiswe ukuze bakhe ubufakazi obubodwa be-zk-STARK. Lena indlela amakhulu obufakazi be-zk-STARK amelelwa ngayo futhi afakazelwa ngobufakazi obubodwa be-zk-STARK.
- Ilabhulali ye-CIRCOM:- Lesi sinyathelo sibandakanya ukuxhumana nedatha Yokuqinisekisa kanye nobufakazi obubodwa be-zk-STARK obudalwe nge-Stark Recursion Componenet ukuze kukhiqizwe “ufakazi” lesi sinyathelo siyadingeka ukuze isinyathelo esilandelayo sokuguqula ubufakazi be-zk-STARK bube yi-zk- Ubufakazi be-SNARK.
- I-Rapid Snark:- Lena ingxenye yokugcina ye-zkProver. Lesi yisigaba lapho "ufakazi" ophumayo Welabhulali ye-CIRCOM kondliwa kanye nedatha yokuqinisekisa i-STARK ukuze adale ubufakazi be-zk-SNARK.
Ubufakazi be-zk-STARK busetshenziswa ngenxa yejubane labo, kodwa bukhulu kakhulu kunobufakazi be-zk-SNARK. Ngaleso sizathu, i-zkProver isebenzisa i-zk-SNARK edalwe esinyathelweni sokugcina kusetshenziswa idatha evela ebufakazini be-zk-STARK. Ukusebenzisana kwalezi zingxenye ezine kungabonakala kanje:-
https://wiki.polygon.technology/assets/images/fig5-main-prts-zkpr-042cd579e903d351ced9ec16a8ee7d9c.png
Ukubheka isici sokuphepha
Ngokokuphepha, iphrojekthi ye-zkEVM isesigabeni sayo sasendulo, futhi ithimba le-polygon belilokhu libandakanyeka ekucwaningweni kwamabhuku kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ulwazi olumayelana nemiphumela yocwaningomabhuku lwangaphakathi luhlukaniswa kakhulu, kodwa i-Polygon yathola usizo kubahloli ababili bangaphandle (i-Hexens ne-Spearbit). Ukubonisa i- kudingeka uthole ukuhlolwa kwenkontileka okuhlakaniphile ngisho nangeziqhwaga ezinkulu. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi "Ama-Hacks afika ngokungalindelekile". Ngempela, awusoze waqiniseka futhi ulondeke kangaka. Iningi lama-giants ku-web3 ecosystem liyakuqonda lokhu futhi liphusha kanzima ukuze lizivikele.
Manje kunanini ngaphambili, sidinga ukuvikela i-web3. Kulesi sigaba, ukuthola ukubuyekezwa kwekhodi yobungcweti kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile kubalulekile, konga amahora amaningi okusebenza onjiniyela. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi Izinkontileka zakho zivikelekile kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Sonke singenza i-Web3 ibe yindawo ephephile. Ingabe vakashela I-QuillAudits ukuhlola amasevisi nezixazululo ezahlukene.
2 Ukubukwa
- I-SEO Powered Content & PR Distribution. Khuliswa Namuhla.
- I-Platoblockchain. I-Web3 Metaverse Intelligence. Ulwazi Lukhulisiwe. Finyelela Lapha.
- Source: https://blog.quillhash.com/2023/02/03/polygon-zk-rollup-an-incredibly-simple-explanation/
