Ukusuka kuma-boosters e-Covid kuya ekudutshulweni komkhuhlane waminyaka yonke, iningi lethu lisala lizibuza: Kungani eziningi kangaka, kaningi?

Kunesizathu sokubuyekeza imithi yokugoma. Amagciwane aguquka ngokushesha, okungawasiza ukuba abaleke amasosha omzimba, abeke abantu ababegonyiwe ngaphambilini engozini yokutheleleka. Ngokusebenzisa ukumodela kwe-AI, ososayensi baye baqhubeka bekwazi bikezela ukuthi amagciwane azovela kanjani. Kodwa zishintsha ngokushesha, futhi sisadlala ukubamba.

Elinye isu ukunqamula umjikelezo ngomuthi wokugomela umhlaba wonke ongaqeqesha umzimba ukubona igciwane naphezu koguquko. Umuthi wokugoma onjalo ungaqeda izinhlobo ezintsha zomkhuhlane, ngisho noma igciwane seliguquke laba yizinhlobo ezicishe zingabonakali. Isu nalo lingagcina lilethe a umuthi wokugomela okuthandwa yi-HIV, osekukhona kuze kube manje igwemeke kabi amashumi eminyaka yemizamo.

Kule nyanga, ithimba elivela e-UC California Riverside, eliholwa nguDkt. Shou-Wei Ding, uklame umuthi wokugoma eyakhipha ingxenye emangalisayo yamasosha omzimba ngokumelene namagciwane ahlaselayo.

Emagundaneni ezingane ngaphandle kwamaseli omzimba asebenzayo ukuze agweme izifo, umgomo wawuvikela emithamo ebulalayo yegciwane elibulalayo. Ukuvikelwa kuthathe okungenani izinsuku ezingama-90 ngemuva kokudubula kokuqala.

Isu lincike embonweni oyimpikiswano. Izitshalo eziningi nesikhunta zinokuzivikela okungokwemvelo kumagciwane anquma ufuzo lwazo. Okubizwa ngokuthi i-RNA interference (RNAi), ososayensi sekuyisikhathi eside bephikisana ngokuthi indlela efanayo ikhona yini ezilwaneni ezincelisayo—kuhlanganise nabantu.

“Kuwuhlelo olumangalisayo ngoba lungajwayelana nanoma yiliphi igciwane,” uDkt. Olivier Voinnet waseSwiss Federal Institute of Technology, owamela le mfundiso noDing, utshele Nature ngasekupheleni kwe-2013.

I-RNA Universe Efihliwe

Ama-molecule e-RNA ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nokuhunyushwa kwezakhi zofuzo zibe amaprotheni.

Kodwa abazona nje izithunywa zebhayoloji. Uhlu olubanzi lwama-molecule amancane e-RNA azulazula kumaseli ethu. Ezinye izingxenye zamaprotheni e-shuttle ngokusebenzisa iseli ngesikhathi sokuhumusha i-DNA. Abanye bashintsha indlela i-DNA evezwa ngayo futhi bangase basebenze njengendlela yefa.

Kodwa okuyisisekelo sokuzivikela komzimba amangqamuzana amancane e-RNA aphazamisayo, noma ama-siRNA. Ezitshalweni nasezilwanyaneni ezingenamgogodla, la ma-molecule angabavikeli abanonya ekuhlaselweni amagciwane. Ukuze aziphindaphinde, amagciwane adinga ukuduna imishini yengqamuzana eliphethe ukuze akopishe ufuzo lwawo—ngokuvamile, kuyi-RNA. Amangqamuzana ahlaselwe abona ufuzo lwangaphandle futhi aqalise ukuhlasela ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Phakathi nalokhu kuhlasela, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka kwe-RNA, ingqamuzana linquma i-RNA genome yamagciwane ahlaselayo abe izingcezu ezincane-i-siRNA. Iseli libe selikhafulela la mamolekyuli e-siRNA egciwane emzimbeni ukuze axwayise amasosha omzimba. Ama-molecule aphinde abambe ngokuqondile ku-genome yamagciwane ahlaselayo, ayivimbe ukuthi iphindaphindeke.

Nakhu okukhahlelayo: Imithi yokugoma esekelwe kumasosha omzimba ivamise ukukhomba indawo eyodwa noma ezimbili kugciwane, okubenza babe sengozini yokuguqulwa uma lezo zindawo zishintsha ukwakheka kwazo. Ukuphazamiseka kwe-RNA kukhiqiza izinkulungwane zama-molecule e-siRNA amboza lonke i-genome-ngisho noma ingxenye eyodwa yegciwane iguquka, amanye asesengozini yokuhlaselwa.

Lolu hlelo olunamandla lokuzivikela lungasungula isizukulwane esisha semithi yokugoma. Kunenkinga eyodwa nje. Nakuba iye yabonwa ezitshalweni nasezimpukaneni, noma ngabe ikhona ezilwaneni ezincelisayo bekulokhu impikiswano kakhulu.

"Sikholelwa ukuthi i-RNAi ibilokhu iyi-antiviral amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka," UDing utshele Nature ngo-2013. “Kungani thina izilwane ezincelisayo silahla ukuzivikela okuphumelelayo kangaka?”

I-Natural Born Viral Killers

Ocwaningweni lwango-2013 in Isayensi, u-Ding nozakwabo basikisela ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo nazo zine-antiviral siRNA mechanism—icindezelwa isakhi sofuzo esithwala amagciwane amaningi. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-B2, isakhi sofuzo sisebenza “njengebhuleki,” sivala noma iyiphi impendulo yokuphazamiseka kwe-RNA kumaseli abamba ngokucekela phansi ikhono lawo lokwenza amazwibela e-siRNA.

Ukuqeda i-B2 kufanele kukhahlele ukuphazamiseka kwe-RNA kubuyisele egiyeni. Ukufakazela ithiyori, ithimba lenza ufuzo igciwane ngaphandle kofuzo olusebenzayo lwe-B2 futhi lazama ukuthelela amangqamuzana e-hamster namagundane ezingane angenawo amandla omzimba. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-Nodamura virus, isakazwa ngomiyane endle futhi ivame ukubulala.

Kepha ngaphandle kwe-B2, ngisho nethamo elibulalayo legciwane lalahlekelwa amandla alo okutheleleka. Amagundane ezingane akhiqiza ngokushesha umthamo omkhulu wama-molecule e-siRNA ukuze asuse abahlaseli. Ngenxa yalokho, ukutheleleka akuzange kubambe, futhi abagxekayo—ngisho nalapho sebevele bengamasosha omzimba—basinda.

"Ngikholelwa ngempela ukuthi impendulo ye-RNAi ibalulekile okungenani kwamanye amagciwane ahlasela izilwane ezincelisayo," wathi Ding ngaleso sikhathi.

Imithi Yokugoma Yenkathi Entsha

Imithi yokugoma eminingi iqukethe igciwane elifile noma eliphilayo kodwa eliguquliwe ukuze liqeqeshe amasosha omzimba. Lapho ubhekene naleli gciwane futhi, umzimba ukhiqiza ama-T cell ukuze abulale okuhlosiwe, ama-B cell ampompa amasosha omzimba, namanye amangqamuzana “enkumbulo” yokuzivikela komzimba ukuze aqaphe ngokuhlaselwa okuzayo. Kodwa imiphumela yawo ayihlali njalo, ikakhulukazi uma igciwane lishintsha.

Esikhundleni sokuhlanganisa amangqamuzana e-T no-B, ukuqalisa impendulo ye-siRNA yomzimba kunikeza olunye uhlobo lokuzivikela komzimba. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokususa isakhi sofuzo se-B2 kumagciwane aphilayo. Lawa magciwane angakhiwa abe uhlobo olusha lomgomo, ithimba ebelisebenzela ukuwuthuthukisa, lithembele ekuphazamisekeni kwe-RNA ukuze kuxoshwe abahlaseli. Isikhukhula esiba umphumela wama-molecule e-siRNA aqalwa umgomo, ngokombono, singanikeza nokuvikelwa okuthile ekuthelelekeni okuzayo.

“Uma senza igciwane eliguquguqukayo elingakwazi ukukhiqiza amaprotheni ukuze licindezele i-RNAi [ukuphazamiseka kwe-RNA] yethu, singalenza buthaka leli gciwane. Ingaphindaphindeka ezingeni elithile, kodwa bese ilahlekelwa yimpi ekuphenduleni kosokhaya i-RNAi,” UDing wathi ekukhululweni kwabezindaba mayelana nocwaningo lwakamuva. "Igciwane elenziwe buthaka ngale ndlela lingasetshenziswa njengomuthi wokugoma wokuqinisa amasosha ethu omzimba e-RNAi."

In isifundo, ithimba lakhe lizame isu lokulwa negciwane le-Nodamura ngokususa isakhi sayo se-B2.

Ithimba lagoma ingane namagundane amadala, womabili ayengenaso isifo sofuzo ngoba ayengakwazi ukukhweza ukuzivikela kwamaseli e-T noma ama-B. Ezinsukwini ezimbili nje, isibhamu esisodwa savikela ngokugcwele amagundane kumthamo obulalayo wegciwane, futhi umphumela wathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu.

Amagciwane ayingozi kakhulu kubantu abasengcupheni—izinsana, abantu abadala, nabantu abangenawo amandla okuzivikela omzimba. Ngenxa yobuthakathaka bamasosha omzimba, imithi yokugoma yamanje ayisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukucupha i-siRNA kungaba elinye isu elisindisa impilo.

Nakuba isebenza kumagundane, ukuthi abantu basabela ngendlela efanayo kusazobonakala. Kodwa kuningi okufanele sikubheke ngabomvu. Iphrotheni “yebhuleki” ye-B2 iphinde yatholakala kwamanye amagciwane amaningi avamile, okuhlanganisa udenga, umkhuhlane, kanye nomndeni wamagciwane abangela imfiva, ukuqubuka namabhamuza.

Ithimba selivele lisebenzela umuthi omusha wokugomela umkhuhlane, lisebenzisa amagciwane aphilayo ngaphandle kweprotheni ye-B2. Uma uphumelele, umuthi wokugoma ungenziwa njengesifutho samakhala—khohlwa i-need jab. Futhi uma ithiyori yabo ye-siRNA ibambelela, umuthi wokugoma onjalo ungalivikela igciwane njengoba liguquka libe yizinhlobo ezintsha. Ibhuku lokudlala lingashintshwa ukuze libhekane nezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha ze-Covid, i-RSV, nanoma iyiphi imvelo esizosiphonsa yona.

Lelisu lokugoma “lisebenza kabanzi kunoma yiliphi inani lamagciwane, lisebenza kabanzi ngokumelene nanoma iluphi uhlobo lwegciwane, futhi liphephile kubantu abaningi,” umlobi wocwaningo uDkt. Rong Hai. wathi ekukhululweni kwabezindaba. "Lona kungaba umuthi wokugomela umhlaba wonke ebesiwufuna."

Isikweletu sezithombe: Diana Polekhina / Unsplash

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• Source: https://singularityhub.com/2024/04/22/a-universal-vaccine-against-any-viral-variant-a-new-study-suggest-its-possible/