A centralized database on a standard gigabit network can execute 710,000 transactions per second when transactions are no more than 176 bytes size on average. Without compromising decentralization, it is challenging for a blockchain to have such a high-speed transaction capacity. Solana has accomplished an impressive transaction per second capacity without compromising decentralization much. It is an open-source project that is a new permissionless and high-performance blockchain. The Solana Foundation manages the open-source project, situated in Geneva, Switzerland. It is the high-speed layer one blockchain, with a max capacity of 65,000 transactions per second. It has a transaction finality of around 13 seconds. How does Solana work? Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of History (PoH) are used by Solana Network to process its transactions efficiently with high speed. PoH is a simple method for validating all the transactions without communicating with other nodes. PoS is also used for validating transactions, for this, you have to stake your token. PoH is based on a simple method. It assigns a leader position randomly to a particular node after every new block creation. Any node which is the leader node must generate the whole proof of history statement. After being given the responsibility, the leader node coordinates with other nodes to construct a proof of history statement. The leader node also pushes the currently executed transactions, and then it publishes the transactions with verifiers in their final nodes. Verifiers repeat the process again to verify transactions. Verifiers also make copies of transactions and make them public. There is only one leader node in each Solana network at a time. The verifier node performs intelligently and has the same capabilities as a leader node; however, the verifier node can subsequently be elected as a leader through proof of stake elections. Compared to Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchain networks, a combination of PoH and PoS works well for Solana, allowing it to process data at a cheap cost. Solana’s high-speed blockchain is built using eight major technologies mentioned below: Proof of History: a clock before consensus. Tower Byzantine Fault Tolerance: a PoH-optimized version of PBFT. Turbine: a block propagation protocol. Gulfstream: a Mempool-less transaction forwarding protocol. Sealevel: the world’s first parallel smart contracts run-time. Pipelining: a transaction processing unit for validation. Cloudbreak: a horizontally-scaled accounts database. Archivers: Provide distributed ledger storage. Key characteristics of Solana:  Proof of History: For authorizing and restricting entries on its ledger, Bitcoin and Ethereum’s blockchain networks use a Proof of Work technique (proof of work means that every node on the blockchain network must reach consensus before every new entry). Proof of Work (PoW) is a complicated method that slows down the speed of transactions.  To address the drawbacks of the PoW system, Proof of History (PoH) was developed. Proof of history simply means that a new block can be added to the blockchain network without the need for mutual consent of other nodes. Every node in Solana has its clock and makes choices without consulting the others. Proof of History improves transaction speed while simultaneously ensuring an efficient blockchain network and recording all transactions.     Tower Byzantine Fault Tolerance: The BFT system functions as a safety net for the whole Solana ecosystem. It ensures that a single node failure does not disrupt the entire operation of the system. This approach enables the nodes to work even in case of multiple failures. Gulfstream: Gulfstream is a system that eliminates memepool requirements. Memepool can be viewed as a holding area where all unprocessed transactions await their turn. Solana’s network can handle a memory pool with a capacity of 1,00,00 transactions.   Validators are present in every blockchain ecosystem (validators select transactions and add them to the blockchain network). Solana’s network sends the transactions to its validators even before a new transaction is added. Validators empty the memepool region simultaneously, ensuring no ‘unconfirmed transactions’ in the Solana ecosystem. Sealevel: Solana allows for the simultaneous execution of numerous smart contracts. Solana becomes a time-saving and cost-effective blockchain network as a result of this. Sea level is the technology that allows Solana to run many smart contracts simultaneously. Cloudbreak: Solana uses a horizontal scaling method, which allows the blockchain to expand its scalability. Cloudbreak manages a database that can read and write transaction input data. It is also in charge of bridging the gap between hardware and software.  Pipeline: Most tasks in Solana’s ecosystem are separated for processing transactions quickly. Solana distributes the input data throughout the various hardware components of the network. It is a procedure that quickly checks the information blocks using various devices. Turbine: Solana splits various blockchain nodes into smaller packets. It helps in increasing the transaction speed of the network. Smaller data packets can be evaluated more quickly, which aids Solana in addressing bandwidth difficulties. Two main ways which make Solana … Continued

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